Analysis of the impact of Fast Electric Vehicle Charging Stations on Power Quality in Distribution Networks João Pinto and José Baptista 2024/07/20

Abstract

One of the biggest obstacles when it comes to the electrification of the vehicle fleet is the charging time of an electric vehicle (EV), which means that users of these vehicles, when they need to charge their car, always look for fast charging stations. This is the charging method that has the shortest duration.

In the coming years, an increase in the proliferation of electric vehicles will lead to a greater demand for electricity, which in turn will put the distribution network to the test. Since the number of non-linear loads increases day by day, putting the distribution network under increasing stress, it is wise to study the effects of the high penetration of electric vehicles (EV) on the power quality of the network.

This paper aims to study the impact of charging EV on the quality of energy in the distribution network. First, an analysis of the harmonics and electronics (non-linear loads) associated with EV chargers will be done. Then, a simulation will be performed on the IEEE 33 network using the Matlab/Simulink simulation software.

Finally, a comparison will be made of the results obtained in the simulation and possible ways of mitigating the harmonics that non-linear loads inject into the electricity distribution network.

Authors and affiliations

João Pinto(1) and José Baptista(1,2)

1. Department of Engineering

2 . INESCTEC UTAD Pole. University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro. Quinta de Prados – Vila Real, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal

Key words

Electrical Vehicle (EV), Harmonic Analysis, Matlab/Simulink, EV DC Fast Charger, Non-Linear Loads.

References

[1] Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente (APA), https://apambiente.pt/clima/transporte-rodoviario (acessed on 21/02/2023), 2022.

[2] L. Zhang and J. Liu, “Research on harmonic of electric vehicle charger based on Matlab” Ph.D thesis, Horth Chine Electric Power University Beijing, China, 2013.

[3] Y. Xu, Y. Xu, Z. Chen, F. Peng and M. Beshir, "Harmonic analysis of electric vehicle loadings on distribution system”, 2014 IEEE International Conference on Control Science and Systems Engineering, Yantai, China, 2014, pp. 145-150. Doi:

10.1109/CCSSE.2014.7224526.

[4] Lucas, Alexandre & Fausto, Bonavitacola & Kotsakis, Evangelos & Fulli, Gianluca. (2015). “An experimental approach for assessing the harmonic impact of fast charging electric vehicles on the distribution systems”.

[5] Olcay, K.; Çetinkaya, N. “Analysis of the Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Effects on the Electricity Network with Artificial Neural Network”. Energies 2023, 16, 1282. Doi: 10.3390/en16031282

[6] M. A. Bucarelli, A. Geri, M. Maccioni, F. M. Gatta, T. Bragatto and M. Paulucci, "Impact of ultrafast EV charging stations on the electrical distribution grid: a case study in Terni”, 2023 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe), Madrid, Spain, 2023, pp. 1-6. Doi: 10.1109/EEEIC/ICPSEurope57605.2023.10194699.

[7] A. Supponen, A. Rautiainen, J. Markkula, A. Mäkinen, P. Järventausta and S. Repo, "Power quality in distribution networks with electric vehicle charging - a research methodology based on field tests and real data”, 2016 Eleventh International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), Monte Carlo, Monaco, 2016, pp. 1-11. Doi: 10.1109/EVER.2016.7476376.

[8] A. Lucas, Fausto Bonavitacola, Evangelos Kotsakis, Gianluca Fulli, “Grid harmonic impact of multiple electric vehicle fast charging, Electric Power Systems Research”, Volume 127, 2015, Pages 13-21. Doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2015.05.012.

[9] M. Basu, E. D. Coyle, and K.Gaughan“Harmonic distortion caused by EV battery chargers in the distribution systems network and its remedy”. 39th International Universities Power Engineering Conference, UPEC 2004 - Conference Proceedings. 2. 869 - 873 vol. 1. 10.1109/UPEC.2004.192471.

[10] EN 50160. “Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems”, Brussels, EN 50160-CENELEC 1994, 2010 (Revised).

[11] Lucas, A., “Fast charging diversity impact on total harmonic distortion due to phase cancellation effect” – Fast charger's testing experimental results, EC-JCR, Publications Office, 2017

[12] V. -L. Nguyen, T. Tran-Quoc and S. Bacha, "Harmonic distortion mitigation for electric vehicle fast charging systems”, 2013 IEEE Grenoble Conference, Grenoble, France, 2013, pp. 1-6. Doi: 10.1109/PTC.2013.6652435.

[13] IEEE Standard 519-2022, IEEE Standard for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems

 https://powerquality.blog/2022/12/02/ieeestandard-519-2022- update-and-changes-from-prior-version-2014/ (acessed on 11/04/2023), 2022.

[14] Woodman, Nicole & Bass, Robert & Donnelly, Mike. 2018. “Modeling Harmonic Impacts of Electric Vehicle Chargers on Distribution Networks”, pp.2774-2781. Doi:10.1109/ECCE.2018.8558207.

[15] U. C. Chukwu, "The Impact of V2G Placement on a Feeder Line”, 2020 Southeast Con, Raleigh, NC, USA, 2020, pp. 1-2. Doi: 10.1109/SoutheastCon44009.2020.9249723.

[16] K. Qian, C. Zhou, M. Allan and Y. Yuan, "Load model for prediction of electric vehicle charging demand”, 2010 International Conference on Power System Technology, Zhejiang, China, 2010, pp. 1-6. Doi: 10.1109/POWERCON.2010.5666587.

[17] Wazir, A., Arbab, N.: Analysis and optimization of IEEE 33 bus radial distributed system using optimization algorithm. J. Emerg. Trends Appl. Eng. 1(2), 17–21, 2016.

[18] E. Gomes, A. Cerveira , and J. Baptista, “Optimal Location of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Distribution Grids Using Genetic Algorithms” OL2A, 2023. Doi:10.1007/978-3-031-53025-8_38.