On the IoT architecture for real-time monitoring and control of offshore wind turbines using multithreaded low-cost microcontrollers
B. Sánchez Centeno(1), M. Fernández de Diego(1), M. Santos Peñas(2), S. Esteban San Román(3) 1. Computer Sciences Faculty. University Complutense of Madrid. 28040 Madrid (Spain) 2. Institute of Knowledge Technology. Complutense University of Madrid. 28040 Madrid (Spain) 3. Faculty of Physics, Complutense University of Madrid. 28040 Madrid (Spain) 2025-07-25

Abstract

This paper presents an IoT architecture for real-time monitoring and control offshore wind turbines using multithreaded low-cost boards. The system aims to address the challenges of offshore wind energy, particularly for deepwater and floating turbines, by developing an affordable solution that enhances reliability, maintainability, safety and efficiency. The architecture consists of two levels: a low-level system for local data collection and control and a high-level system for real-time monitoring and command execution. A key innovation is the use of a simple, low-cost ESP32 microcontroller to handle dedicated algorithm loops for turbine operation. Prototype components, microcontroller specifications, software implementation and graphical user interface design are detailed below, demonstrating the feasibility and advantages of this approach for the offshore wind industry. By reducing costs and improving remote monitoring capabilities, this architecture has the potential to drive investment and accelerate the deployment of renewable energy.

Key words: IoT, low-cost microcontrollers, multithreading, data monitoring, offshore wind energy.

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