Protection Systems for Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids

D.M. Larruskain, V. Valverde, E. Torres, G. Buigues, M. Santos

 

2018/04/20

Abstract

Nowadays the protection of Voltage Sourced Converters (VSC-HVDC) is still a challenge as the high fault currents can damage seriously the converters. Nevertheless, the protection of HVDC grids is more complicated than point-topoint links, because of the specific requirements of HVDC grids.
The protection system must detect and clear the faults within a demanding time. Moreover, HVDC circuit breakers are still not available, complicating the selective protection of the grid. Accordingly, since the protection of HVDC grids is so demanding, this issue is one of the biggest obstacles to develop HVDC grids.
In this paper the protection system for HVDC grids is presented, including the measurement technology, fault detection and location algorithms and HVDC circuit breaker technology.

Published in: Renewable Energy & Power Quality Journal (RE&PQJ, Nº. 16)
Pages: 310-315 Date of Publication: 2018/04/20
ISSN: 2172-038X Date of Current Version:2018/03/23
REF: 296-18 Issue Date: April 2018
DOI:10.24084/repqj16.296 Publisher: EA4EPQ

Authors and affiliations

D.M. Larruskain1, V. Valverde1, E. Torres1, G. Buigues1, M. Santos2
1. Department of Electrical Engineering. E.I. Bilbao., University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU. Bilbao (Spain)
2. Tecnalia. Bilbao (Spain)

Key words

Protection System, HVDC Grid, Fault Detecting Algorithm.

References

[1] R. Razzaghi, M. Paolone, F. Rachidi, J. Descloux, B. Raison, and N. Retiere, "Fault location in multi-terminal HVDC networks based on Electromagnetic Time Reversal with limited time reversal window", in Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), 2014, 2014, pp. 1-7.
[2] J. I. Marvik, S. D. Arco, and J. A. Suul, "A two-layer detection strategy for protecting multi-terminal HVDC systems against faults within a wide range of impedances", in 13th International Conference on Development in Power System Protection 2016 (DPSP), 2016, pp. 1-6.
[3] W. Leterme and D. V. Hertem, "Classification of Fault Clearing Strategies for HVDC Grids", in Cigré International Symposium, Lund (Sweden), 2015.
[4] I. Dallas and C. Booth, "Teleprotection in multi-terminal HVDC supergrids", in Developments in Power System
Protection (DPSP 2014), 12th IET International Conference on, 2014, pp. 1-6.
[5] Franck C.M., “HVDC Circuit Breakers: A review identifying future research needs”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 26, Nº 2, pp. 998-1007, April 2011.
[6] Yu Zhang, Xia Xiao, “Review of research on measurement technologies of DC high voltage”. 7th International
Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE). pp. 179 – 183, 2015.
[7] R. Marx, “New concept of PTBs standard divider for direct voltages of up to 100 kV”. IEEE Transactions on
Instrumentation and Measurement. Vol. 5(2), pp. 426-429, 2001.
[8] Ling Xiang Liu; Sze Wey Chua; Chee Kiang Ang, “Determination of DC voltage ratio of a self-calibrating DC voltage divider” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. Vol 54(2), pp 571-575, 2005
[9] H. Rahaman, H. Heo, Y.K. Son, O.R. Choi, S.H. Nam, J.H. So, C.H. Kuk, “Development of inexpensive electrical
probe for wideband voltage measurement up to 300 kV” 2011 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference (PPC), 19-23 June
2011, Chicago, IL, USA
[10] Xiuzeng Zhang; Jiaping Qie; Lili Zhang; Haiming Shao, “High precision measurement of DC voltage ratios from
20 V/10 V to 1000 V/10 V”. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 51(1), pp 59-62, 2002.
[11] Stephan Passon, Ilja Gitin, Johann Meisner, “Investigating the properties of precision resistors for the application in
high voltage DC dividers” 2016 IEEE International Workshop on Applied Measurements for Power Systems (AMPS), 28-30 Sept. 2016, Aachen, Germany
[12] Lan Bi, Hui Li, “An overview of Optical Voltage Sensor”, 2012 International Conference on Computer Science and
Electronics Engineering
[13] Josemir Coelho Santos, M. Cengiz Taplamacioglu, and Kunihiko Hidaka, “Pockels High-Voltage Measurement
System.” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol.15, no.1, 8-13, Jan 2000.
[14] Fei Long, Jianhuan Zhang, Chunrong Xie, Zhiwei Yuan, “Application of the Pockels Effect to High Voltage
Measurement” 8th International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments, Xi'an, China, 16-18 Aug. 2007.
[15] A. Kumada, K. Hidaka, “Directly high-voltage measuring system based on Pockels effect” IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 28(3), July 2013.
[16] L. Cristaldi, A. Ferrero, M. Lazzaroni, R.T. Ottoboni, “A Linearization Method for Commercial Hall-Effect Current
Transducers” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol 50 (5), pp. 1149-1153, Oct 2001
[17] K. Bohnert, H. Brandle, M. G. Brunzel, P. Gabus, P. Guggenbach, "Highly Accurate Fiber-Optic DC Current Sensor for the Electrowinning Industry" IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 43(1), pp. 180-187, Jan. 2007.
[18] Y. N. Ning, Z. P. Wang, A. W. Palmer, K. T. V. Grattan and D. A. Jackson, “Recent progress in optical current sensing techniques,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., Vol. 66(5) pp. 3097–3111, 1995.
[19] K. Bohnert, G. Gabus, J. Nehring, H. Brändle, “Temperature and vibration insensitive fiber-optic current sensor”. Journal of Lightwave Technology 20(2002) 2, 267-276.
[20] F. Rahmatian, A. Ortega, “Applications of Optical Current and Voltage Sensors in High-Voltage Systems” 2006
IEEE/PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition: Latin America, pp. 1-4, 2006
[21] S.Pirooz Azad, W. Leterme, D. Van Hertem, “A DC grid primary protection algorithm based on current measurement” 2015 17th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'15 ECCE-Europe)
[22] N. Johannesson and S. Norrga, "Longitudinal differential protection based on the Universal Line Model", in IECON
2015 - 41st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2015, pp. 001091-001096.
[23] M. Ikhide, S. Tennakoon, A. Griffiths, S. Subramanian, and H. Ha, "Fault detection in Multi-Terminal Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) based High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission system", in 2015 50th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2015, pp. 1-6.
[24] R. E. Torres-Olguin and H. K. Hoidalen, "Inverse time overcurrent protection scheme for fault location in multiterminal
HVDC", in PowerTech, 2015 IEEE Eindhoven, 2015, pp. 1-6.
[25] A. K. Marten, C. Troitzsch, and D. Westermann, "Nontelecommunication based DC line fault detection methodology for meshed HVDC grids", in AC and DC Power Transmission, 11th IET International Conference on, 2015, pp. 1-8.
[26] Y. Li, X. Shi, F. Wang, L. M. Tolbert, and J. Liu, "Dc fault protection of multi-terminal VSC-HVDC system with hybrid dc circuit breaker", in 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2016, pp. 1-8.
[27] S. Guobing, C. Xinlei, L. Dekun, G. Shuping, and S. Jiale, "A novel pilot protection principle for VSC-HVDC cable
lines based on fault component current", in Power Engineering and Automation Conference (PEAM), 2012 IEEE, 2012, pp. 1-4.
[28] R. C. Santos, S. Le Blond, D. V. Coury, and R. K. Aggarwal, "A novel and comprehensive single terminal ANN based decision support for relaying of VSC based HVDC links", Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 141, pp. 333-343, 12// 2016.
[29] H. Zheng-you, L. Kai, L. Xiao-peng, L. Sheng, Y. Jian-wei, and M. Rui-kun, "Natural Frequency-Based Line Fault
Location in HVDC Lines", Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 29, pp. 851-859, 2014.
[30] H. Livani and C. Y. Evrenosoglu, "A single-ended fault location method for segmented HVDC transmission line",
Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 107, pp. 190-198, 2// 2014.
[31] G. Song, X. Cai, S. Gao, J. Suonan, and G. Li, "Natural frequency based protection and fault location for VSCHVDC
transmission lines", in Advanced Power System Automation and Protection (APAP), 2011 International Conference on, 2011, pp. 177-182.
[32] H. Zheng-You and L. Kai, "Natural frequency-based protection scheme for voltage source converter-based high-voltage direct current transmission lines", Generation, Transmission & Distribution, IET, vol. 9, pp. 1519-1525, 2015.
[33] P. Tünnerhoff, C. Petino, M. Battiato, and A. Schnettler, "Distance protection for HVDC transmission lines based on MMC modulation strategy", in 2016 Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability (PQ), 2016, pp. 283-288.
[34] H. Xu and G. Song, "A novel traveling wave head identification method in VSC-HVDC based on parameter
identification", in 2015 5th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power
Technologies (DRPT), 2015, pp. 933-937.
[35] P. Chen, B. Xu, J. Li, and Y. Ge, "Modern travelling wave based fault location techniques for HVDC transmission
lines", Transactions of Tianjin University, vol. 14, pp. 139-143, 2008// 2008.
[36] CIGRE WG B4.52, “HVDC Grid Feasibility Study”, Brochure 533, April 2013.
[37] CIGRE JWG A3/B4.34, “Technical requirements and specifications of state-of-the-art HVDC switching equipment”, Brochure 683, April 2014.
[38] K. Sano, M. Takasaki, “A Surgeless Solid-State DC Circuit Breaker for Voltage-Source-Converter-Based HVDC Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 2690-2699, July 2014.
[39] E. Kontos, R. Teixeira, S. Rodrigues and P. Bauer, “Impact of HVDC Transmission System Topology on Multiterminal DC Network Faults”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 844-852, April 2015.
[40] R. Derakhshanfar, T.U. Jonsson, U. Steiger and M. Habert, “Hybrid HVDC breaker – A solution for future HVDC
systems”, in Proc. CIGRE Session, August 2014.
[41] C.C. Davidson, R.S. Whitehouse, C.D. Barker, J.P. Dupraz, W. Grieshaber, “A new ultra-fast HVDC circuit breaker for meshed DC networks”, in AC and DC Power Transmission, 11th IET International Conference on, 10-12 Feb. 2015, Birmingham, UK
[42] W. Leterme, N. Ahmed, J. Beerten, L. Ängquist, D. Van Hertem and S. Norrga “A new HVDC grid test system for
HVDC grid dynamics and protection studies in EMT-type software”, in AC and DC Power Transmission, 11th IET
International Conference on, 10-12 Feb. 2015, Birmingham, UK.